Wise stanford research institute, menlo park, california the decomposition of ammonium pcrchlorate and ammonium perehloratecopper chromite mixtures has been studied in the temperature range from 250 to. Experts say tests indicate water on mars surface the hydrated salts most consistent with the chemical signatures are likely a mixture of magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate. Rapid means of monitoring the thermal decomposition of. Wise stanford research institute, menlo park, california the decomposition of ammonium pcrchlorate and ammonium perehloratecopper chromite mixtures has been studied in the temperature range from 250 to 325. We will then predict from our results the correct chemical reaction equation.
This list is called the contaminant candidate list or ccl. As such, extreme caution and safety measures should be used. Ammonium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate propellents 68 the catalytic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate by a. Perchlorate is identified as an environmental contaminant found in drinking, ground, and surface waters. The majority of perchlorates are commercially produced salts. The decomposition of potassium chlorate small quantities of molecular oxygen o2 can be obtained from the thermal decomposition of certain oxides, peroxides, and salts of oxoacids. Makers of the decomposition book over 100 styles in stock made with 100% recycled paper printed with soy ink made in the usa. Widespread accumulations of natural perchlorate in. Sodium perchlorate is an oxidizing agent similar to bleach, so i am sure that if you have only a small amount, it would be safe to go down the drain assuming you dilute it with plenty of water. Perchlorate is a hazardous industrial pollutant that does not occur naturally. Authors contributing to rsc publications journal articles, books or book chapters do not need to formally request permission to reproduce material contained in this article. Salmon introduction an interesting feature of the burning rate of many ammoniumperchlorate solid propellants is, that it is almost equal to the propagation rate for a deflagration through pure ammonium perchlorate. Read health implications of perchlorate ingestion at nap. Lowtemperature thermal decomposition of large single.
Vikings tests could have destroyed building blocks of life. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate whether the stmbms can provide new data on these materials that will have sufficient detail on the reaction. Gilliland october 5, 1960 the heat of decomposition of potassium perchlorate into potassium chloride and oxygen has been determined in a bomb calorimeter. This peak represents the low temperature decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Is there a way to make potassium perchlorate from potassium chlorate, or would it be easier to make it from mixing solutions of sodium perchlorate and potassium chloride. The last reaction, the decomposition of potassium chlorate, includes manganeseiv oxide mno2 as a catalyst. Carbon, metal oxide, clay, and polymer sorption agents were also evaluated as a means to concentrate perchlorate and enhance the performance of thermal decomposition approaches. Thermal decomposition and dehydration of sodium perchlorate.
Study of the thermal decompositions of some transition metal. The thermal decomposition of magnesium perchlorate and of. Rapid means of monitoring the thermal decomposition of magnesium perchlorate chloride determination k. Chemical analysis and the infrared spectrum of the residue left behind after the decomposition proved it to. The dehydration of sodium perchlorate monohydrate proceeds in two stages corresponding to the removal of 0. These perchlorate salts bind weakly to soil particles and are not significantly broken down in the environment epa, 1998. Perchlorate esters are very unstable and dangerously sensitive to detonation. Collegeruled composition notebook with 100% postconsumerwaste recycled pages. Many perchlorate compounds tend to be fairly sensitive to detonation when organic groups are an integral part of their molecular structure. Decomposition book notebooks are made in the usa using 100% recycled paper, soy ink and biogas. Perchlorate is an anion consisting of one chlorine atom bonded to four atoms of oxygen, giving it a net charge of minus one clo 4. Differential thermal analysis of map showed, in addition to the exotherm due to decomposition, another exotherm at 408 which was observed for the first time. When a chlorate decomposes, a metal chloride and oxygen gas are produced.
Nafise modanlou juibari and abbas eslami, investigation of catalytic activity of znal2o4 and znmn2o4 nanoparticles in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 128, 1, 115. Your better off with nitromethane, the suggested perchlorate compounds by rosco, or possible ammonium perchlorate eutectics. Thermal decomposition studies of a new perchlorate oxidizer. Decomposition book rainforest college ruled notebook 7. The thermal decomposition at 490 c is preceded by a phase transformation at 309 c orthorhombic cubic and melting at 472 c. The thermal decompositions of nickelii, copperii, cobaltii and manganeseii perchlorates were studied by thermal analysis and kinetic measurements. Effect of zn powders on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate meirong song state key laboratory of solid lubrication, lanzhou institute of chemical physics, chinese academy of sciences lanzhou 730000 p.
Human exposure to perchlorate is commonplace because it is a contaminant of drinking water, certain foods, and breast milk. Thermal decomposition and dehydration of magnesium. Heat of decomposition of potassium perchlorate walter h. Effect of zn powders on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Sciencemadness discussion board iron perchlorate powered.
Epa published the first ccl of 60 contaminants in march of 1998. The dsc results showed two consecutive broad exothermic peaks after melting. Decomposition book 100% recycled notebooks made in usa. It is this reaction that will be studied in this experiment. Whereas ethyl perchlorate is stable under distilled water for 12 days, methyl perchlorate reacts within under an hour.
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. The chemical process of decomposition is complex and involves the breakdown of soft tissue, as the body passes through the sequential stages of. The catalytic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Apr 14, 2009 perchlorate is a strong oxidizing anion and has recently gained public attention following its discovery in well water and drinking water throughout the united states.
Decomposition in animals is a process that begins immediately after death and involves the destruction of soft tissue, leaving behind skeletonized remains. Full text of heat of decomposition of potassium perchlorate. Magnesium perchlorate is a powerful oxidizing agent, with the formula mgclo 4 2. Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate quarterly. Kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of potassium. This curious feature, known since 19558, is now of additional interest in the. Michael roger coilbound decomposition book pcc bookstore. Mar 07, 2012 write a balanced molecular equation for the thermal decomposition of potassium perchlorate potassium perchlorate, kclo4, decomposes on heating to form potassium chloride and elemental oxygen.
The decomposition book is a twist on the classic composition notebook featuring a sewn binding, 100% postconsumerwaste recycled paper and clever cover. Permission is granted to refer to or quote from this publication with the customary acknowledgment of the source see suggested citation and disclaimer this web site is owned by itrc 1250 h street, nw suite 850 washington, dc 20005. State key laboratory of solid lubrication, lanzhou institute of chemical physics, chinese academy of sciences lanzhou 730000 p. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate whether the stmbms can provide new data on these materials that will have sufficient detail on the reaction mechanisms and. Epa decided not to regulate nine contaminants listed on the first ccl and carried. These spiral notebooks feature 100% postconsumerwaste recycled paper and are. I would also suspect, under these anhydrous conditions, that the magnesium ion tends to act as a lewis acid, decreasing the perchlorate ions stability. In this paper, the catalytic effect of zn nanopowders on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate ap as well as those of zn micropowders has been investigated using differential thermal. Essentially no perchlorate reduction was obtained with or without other promoting agents up to the temperature limitation of the hydrothermal process 380oc. It readily forms salts with ammonium, potassium, and sodium. Sciencemadness discussion board perchlorate compositions. They are mainly used for propellants, exploiting properties as powerful oxidizing agents and to control static electricity in food packaging. Magnesium perchlorate was contained in a small steel refrigerationtype drying tube and the ammonia was passed through it after the system was evacuated in small increments in an attempt to further desiccate it.
The thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate ap and ammoniumperchloratebased composite propellants is studied using the simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry stmbms technique. Materials science potassium perchlorate the component of. Ammonium perchlorate has the lowest solubility of any ammonium compounds in water that i am aware of. China, laboratory for special functionary materials, henan university kaifeng, 475001 p. Full text of heat of decomposition of potassium perchlorate see other formats journal of research of the national bureau of standards a. Even extremely small quantities are extremely brissant.
The thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate ap and ammonium perchlorate based composite propellants is studied using the simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry stmbms technique. Table of perchlorate levels in powdered infant formula cdcs recent study of perchlorate in infant formula, published in the journal of exposure science and environmental epidemiology, was intended to increase understanding of how infants may be exposed to perchlorate. Thermal decomposition of methylammonium perchlorate. Gilliland october 5, 1960 the heat of decomposition of potassium perchlorate into potassium chloride and oxygen. Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Perchloric acid is often determined as potassium chloride by repeated ignition of potassium perchlorate, mixed with excess ammonium chloride and in presence of platinum as catalyst. Collegeruled composition notebook with 100% postconsumerwaste recycled pages michael rogers, inc. The thermal decomposition behavior of ammonium perchlorate. If you had ammonium nitrate or sodium perchlorate slurry based explosives would probably be a better choice.
Anhydrous perchlorates could not be prepared by heating and outgassing the samples in vacuum. Thermal decomposition studies of a new perchlorate. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Perchlorate consists of an atom of chlorine surrounded by four atoms of oxygen. The origins of perchlorate are both natural and anthropogenic. Perchlorate is a strong oxidizing anion and has recently gained public attention following its discovery in well water and drinking water throughout the united states.
This method uses a preconcentration column to trap perchlorate from the matrix, followed by matrix elimination with 10 mm sodium hydroxide. Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate sciencedirect. Effect of zn powders on the thermal decomposition of. Spiral bound decomposition books use a versatile spiral wire binding. In its natural origin, perchlorate was found to originate from atmospheric deposition, possibly from chloride aerosol being exposed to an electrical discharge in the presence of ozone.
Perchlorate is a powerful and easily manufactured oxidant that is commonly used for flares, rocket fuel, and explosives. Another dangerous aspect of alkyl ether perchlorates, not commonly known of, and overshadowed by the sensitive explosive nature of the compounds, is extreme toxicity. Thermal decomposition of perchlorates analytical chemistry. It occurs as ammonium, potassium, magnesium or sodium salts. But when researchers added magnesium perchlorate to soil from chiles atacama desert, known to contain organic compounds, and heated the soil as in the viking experiments, the same chlorinated compounds were found. Chlorates are often referred to as oxidizers because they produce their own oxygen when they react. The chemical process of decomposition is complex and involves the breakdown of soft tissue, as the body passes through the sequential stages of decomposition. Oxidizer contact with combustiblematerial may lead to fire.
Decomposition book notebooks 100% recycled paper milligram. The first peak contains a shoulder indicating the presence of at least two processes. The next peak is exothermic in nature and appears at 310. A catalyst is a substance that causes an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction. Perchlorate induced low temperature carbonate decomposition in the mars phoenix thermal and evolved gas analyzer tega. Dod perchlorate handbook revision 1 change 1 august 2007 page 7 of 16 drinking water regulation. The enthalpy of solution is quite high, so reactions are done in large amounts of water to dilute it. Ninety percent of the perchlorate produced goes into solid rocket fuel for air force missiles and the nasa space shuttle.
Environmental protection agency epa conducted a perchlorate risk assessment in 2002 that yielded a reference dose rfd based. The general pattern of a decomposition of a chlorate reaction is. The first peak contains a shoulder indicating the presence of at least two. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. Decomposition of potassium perchlorate lab answers.
Effect of zn powders on the thermal decomposition of ammonium. Effects of nanometer ni, cu, al and nicu powders on the. In the case of cobalt and manganese perchlorates, oxidation of the metal ions was. Table of perchlorate levels in powdered infant formula. One of these is the formation of a porous product upon lowtemperature thermal decomposition of the orthorhombic phase. It is also a superior drying agent for gas analysis. The results suggest that decomposition proceeds via the formation of an intermediate, mgomgclo 4, which dissociates at low temperatures and decomposes rapidly to mgo above 417c. The most common salts were magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate, all of which are consistent with flowing briny water. Purpose in this lab we will observe the products of decomposition of potassium perchlorate kclo4. The thermal decomposition of caperchlorate typically occurs as follows 11. How do you write a balanced equation for this decomposition reaction. The catalytic decomposition of potassium perchlorate.
Magnesium perchlorate article about magnesium perchlorate. When the perchlorate group is not in anionic form and does not have an extra electron resonating around the oxygen atoms, it loses much stability. Thermal decomposition, ignition and kinetic evaluation of. Perchlorate contamination in food, water, and other parts of the environment has been studied in the u. Thermal decomposition of potassium perchlorate nature. To avoid these complications, dionex corporation and the u. It was noted that the outside of the drying tube was warm to the touch. Perchlorate salts are used in a variety of products as diverse as electronic tubes, car air bags, leather tanning and fireworks. Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate activated via addition of nio nanocrystals. Also, the latter causes the formation not only of potassium perchlorate but also sodium chloride. Incompatible with reducing agents, organic materials,trimethyl phosphate. The principal effects of exposure to 60 co gamma rays prior to thermal decomposition is to reduce the induction period and increase the rate of the acceleratory period. Pdf effect of zn powders on the thermal decomposition of.